Checks have arrived rather in general to be used for the payment of invoices even on long

Checks have arrived rather in general to be used for the payment of invoices even on long distances. If the businessman wishes to close the important contract demanding of cash in advance, it sends the bank account, if on distance, or the certified check, if in the same city. If he wishes to pay simply a debt, it sends the own personal check. Bank accounts rather in general are used by dealers in the West to pay accounts in the east. The project on New York [17] bought in San Francisco
Cash when it reaches New York while the check of San Francisco not cash while it does not come back and to money bank on which it is delayed. In a usual course of business checks are considered as cash irrespective of on what involved bank. The bank receiving them on the deposit, gives the credit of the investor at once, even thus, that it can take for a week before the value presented by the check, is in possession of bank.
The bank account.

Experience has shown, that always number of people in Europe obliged to the American business

Experience has shown, that always number of people in Europe obliged to the American business buildings, about (though it is final not actually) the same as number of people in America obliged to the European buildings. Hence, when New York wishes to make payment B of London, it does not send actual money, but enters into the market that is, to the banker doing foreign business - and buys the project named the bill which is actually the payment commission of bank on its London correspondent, asking that last has paid money to the person, named. There can be so [34] about same time some
The London dealer who owes money in New York, goes besides to the Most London banker and buys the project on the New York bank. Thus one project cancels another and when there is a distinction in a weekend or month through which send actual gold to counterbalance the account.

The laws, which corporations can make for their own government, are made under several heads of

The laws, which corporations can make for their own government, are made under several heads of decisions of bodies of local authorities, decisions, rules, and instructions. These laws can be made by a management for any object not alien to the corporate purposes. The municipal corporation, for example, does decisions for clearing and illumination of its streets, for the government of its police, for water delivery to its citizens, and for punishment of all infringements of its instructions. The railway corporation establishes instructions for signals, for management of trains, for cargo communications, for behaviour of its passengers, and for hundreds other things. But such decisions of bodies of local authorities and the instruction should be in harmony with charter-party of corporation and with the general legislation of the country. For example, the municipal corporation could not put into practice the decision of bodies of the local authorities, forbidding use of its streets by others than its own citizens because according to the general law all highways are opened for usual use of all people. Again, the railway corporation could not make a rule, that it will bear the goods for one class of people only because as public transport the law demands that it bore impartially for all.

One of the most valuable parts of formation of the banker should learn, whom to trust

One of the most valuable parts of formation of the banker should learn, whom to trust. At each bank should be well organised and completely supplied department of the credit which is responsible for someone, on whom it is possible to rely to be engaged in investigations carefully, all names have mentioned its officials. The banker has the right to expect the fullest confidence from the borrower, and the borrower should supply with its full and detailed statement of a condition of its affairs. It is safe to conclude, that when the borrower refuses to give absolutely any information concerning its financial condition, its credit is not in the most favorable form.

By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends

By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends. Replaceable value of consumer goods depends in any given period partially on the expense of manufacture and partially on the supply and demand relation. The prices are mentioned by creation of monopolies, opening of the new markets, difficulty of usual channels of commercial relations, and expectation of these and other reasons. It is business of the dealer to acquaint itself with each circumstance mentioning the prices of the goods in which it deals.

It is in development of its mines and изготовлений in which minerals are used, that

It is in development of its mines and in which minerals are used, that Germany has made the most significant progresses. It makes four times so a lot of coal as France, and at it is more than 1000 separate iron mines. Its manufacture of iron has increased tenfold in fifty years. It employs more than 400 000 men in its mines, and by means of rationalisation cars one person can make now the whole three men, could make fifty years ago. Its manufacturing of hardware - one sixth its full , and through last half of century which they have increased the sixfold. They double now that of France, and are only one quarter less than that of the Great Britain. At it is 750 factories devoted to creation from one only of cars. Two of them in Essen, and Borsig"s in are Berlin among the greatest in the world. Works Krupp"s of 20 000 men, 310 steam engines have, and covers area of 1000 acres. Works Borsig"s of 10 000 men, and in fifty years, beginning from what, there were no almost 4000 locomotives. One of hammers Krupp"s (fifty ton hammers) cost 500 000$.
DOMESTIC TRADE OF GERMANY

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[69]
BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
TRADING FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS
I
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[69]
BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
TRADING FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS
I. TRADING FEATURES OF BRITISH ISLES
LONDON AS THE FOOD CONSUMER

[42]

Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$
[42]
Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$. Thus, if the company organises with the capital 200 000$, there will be actions 2000 to sell. Each person who buys or subscribes for a stock that is who joins the company - receives the certificate on a stock. Our illustrations show two examples; one of national bank, and other firm-manufacturer. These certificates are transferred in pleasure of owners. Transfer usually becomes the form in the end of the certificate, but to be legal, transfer should be registered on company books.
The certificate on a stock in national bank.

The laws, which corporations can make for their own government, are made under several heads of

The laws, which corporations can make for their own government, are made under several heads of decisions of bodies of local authorities, decisions, rules, and instructions. These laws can be made by a management for any object not alien to the corporate purposes. The municipal corporation, for example, does decisions for clearing and illumination of its streets, for the government of its police, for water delivery to its citizens, and for punishment of all infringements of its instructions. The railway corporation establishes instructions for signals, for management of trains, for cargo communications, for behaviour of its passengers, and for hundreds other things. But such decisions of bodies of local authorities and the instruction should be in harmony with charter-party of corporation and with the general legislation of the country. For example, the municipal corporation could not put into practice the decision of bodies of the local authorities, forbidding use of its streets by others than its own citizens because according to the general law all highways are opened for usual use of all people. Again, the railway corporation could not make a rule, that it will bear the goods for one class of people only because as public transport the law demands that it bore impartially for all.

The commercial superiority reached many of big cities of Great Britain, does not occur absolutely

The commercial superiority reached many of big cities of Great Britain, does not occur absolutely because of the natural reasons, or even to the usual reasons. The most part of it occurs because of the extraordinary enterprise and foresight from their citizens. London, for example, is the centre of trade in a wool of the Great Britain. Woollen manufacturers of the Great Britain use approximately 250 000 tons of a wool annually, and three quarters of it are imported. Other cities which lay about places of the big woollen Liverpool , for to have an example tried to provide the action of this extensive import of a wool, but London, because of special attention which it gives to this trade, is able to hold almost all trade in its own hands. In the same way London almost completely monopolises trade of England with Arabia, India, the East Indies, China, and Japan. It - therefore the big shopping centre for tea, coffee, sugar, spices, indigo, and crude silk. It also possesses the most part of the British trade in fruit (oranges, lemons, currants, raisin, fig., dates, etc.) and in wines, an olive oil, and more mad, with the countries which lie about the Mediterranean. Advantage partially its situations, but substantially because of the enterprise of its dealers, it absorbs almost all British French trade, and trade of England with Germany, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark. It the fault (from France), and oil includes mainly, [82] eggs, and vegetables.
Other big branch of its trade that with ports of Baltic, including that of Russia, import inclusion, besides wheat and a wool, oil, wood, hashish, and a linen seed. The tobacco imported from Virginia to England, goes almost completely to London; so does almost all and the South American trade in fine woods, dyes, drugs, sugar, disappears, rubber, coffee, and diamonds. Rather big action of trade of the Great Britain with Canada is concentrated in London; also, it is more than one half of trade of England with West Indies, import from last country including mainly sugar, treacle, fruit, rum, coffee, cocoa, fine woods, and ginger.
SPECIAL TRADING FEATURES OF GLASGOW, LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

If the businessman borrows 1000$ from bank on its note and gives ten actions of a stock to bank, to

If the businessman borrows 1000$ from bank on its note and gives ten actions of a stock to bank, to be spent by it simply as safety, a stock, thus data, would name property pledge. These property pledges not the bank property, and bank it is responsible for their safe storage. If coupons become ripe, while bonds are spent as property pledge, to owners usually allow to collect quantity for which they sell. Sometimes one note is given as accompanying safety for another which is depreciated.
ARRANGEMENT PAPER

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly crude silk) completely one half of its full export trade. Other basic export - sugar, a straw lace (one twentieth its full export), disappears, a paper, china, and pottery. Its basic import - and the cotton goods, the opium making one fifth, and the cotton goods much more than half, its full trade in import. Other basic import - the woollen goods, the metal goods and cars, coal, and kerosene oil. Considerable import also is made of a crude clap. But if China only had a blessing of the educated and progressive government this arrangement of export and import long would not proceed. Resources of China of coal among the finest and it is final among the greatest in the whole world. Its coal fields, really as is estimated, are in twenty times bigger than that of all incorporated Europe. The most part of this coal, also, has the purest quality, and its most part very accessible to the miner. And about its coal fields extensive deposits of some of the richest iron ores in the world. Again, the most part of soil of China is extremely fertile. There are really two areas, one of '' and another, very much [143] are more extensive, 'yellow soil,' it among the most fertile in the world. It - because of degree and abundance of yellow soil of China it
'Yellow' imperial colour, and the emperor named 'the yellow lord.' Climate, also, the Chinese admissions almost whole range of useful vegetative products which will be lifted. Clap growth is already very big because for a clap of seven centuries there was a basic fabric for clothes of people. And already it is made by modern cars. But also growth of a clap and its manufacturing by modern methods would be extremely increased, if only services for internal transportation existed, and freedom from the unfair taxation could be provided. If, to put it briefly, China only had railways both the good and educated system of the government its advancement and prosperity soon would make the Western world envious. But its government is not only silly improgressive, it also is fatally prodigal. Approximately seventy percent. From the whole income of the country it is lost to public use through evil deed of officials. And only approximately 85 miles of the railway were for the present open, though it is necessary to tell, that 200 or 250 miles are in work more.
POSSIBILITIES OF THE INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH PORCELAIN

The following is given as a little from advantages which corporations and joint-stock companies on

The union of the capital without active military service of investors
The following is given as a little from advantages which corporations and joint-stock companies on associations are required:
The union of the capital without active military service of investors.
The best services to borrow. It is the general thing for association which will be changed to the joint-stock company in the special purpose to lift money by a problem of bonds or a stock.
The limited agency of directors. The partner can promise and sell the association property, can buy the goods because of association, can borrow money and contract debts on the name and on the association account. Directors of joint-stock company should operate according to conditions of decisions of bodies of local authorities of the company.
Continuous existence of the company.
New shareholders suppose easier than new partners.
The retiring partner is still responsible for existing debts. The shareholder can leave absolutely, selling its stock and having it is legally transferred.
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IV. LOAN AND THE LOAN OF MONEY [10]
THE MONETARY MARKET

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in bank

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in bank. It is subject to payment on demand. Actually, it is the kind project ashore. Banks give checks without a sum designation to their clients, and it is very simple question to fill them properly. In writing in quantity begin in extremely left of a line.

[7]

The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted
[7]
The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted. The roguish receiver could, for example write, 'ninety' before 'six' and '9' before number '6', and thus to lift the check from 6$ to 96$. If it has been made, and the check on money the manufacturer, instead of the bank, would become responsible for loss. You cannot consider other people responsible for your own negligence. The check has been lifted from 100$ to 190$ by the letter of words 'and ninety' after words 'hundred.' One of code numbers in numbers has been changed on '9', adding a tail to it. Wisely to pull a running line, thus ~~~~~~, after quantity in words, thus preventing any additional letter.
Badly delayed check.

The privilege - the right given by the state or municipal corporation to people or to private

The privilege - the right given by the state or municipal corporation to people or to private corporation. The privilege of the company of the railway - the right to operate its road. Such privilege has a value which is completely distinct from value of factory or the usual property of corporation.

To depreciate the note means to sell it at a discount

To depreciate the note means to sell it at a discount. Norms of the discount change according to the safety offered, either character of the loan, or the state of the monetary market. For the usual bill of norm run from four to eight percent. The notes received both given by commercial buildings and depreciated banks, usually not during longer period than four months.
VIII. CLEARING HOUSE SYSTEM

Despite resources of Russia in products of a farm and in minerals, nevertheless, owing to ignorance

Despite resources of Russia in products of a farm and in minerals, nevertheless, owing to ignorance and degradation of its people, it - the bad country, and its export always - is more than its import. Its full riches in the inhabitant make only 305$, in comparison with 780$ on the inhabitant for [125] Germany, 1260$ for France, and
1510$ for the Great Britain and Ireland. Its full foreign trade makes only 5$ on the inhabitant whereas foreign trade of its neighbour, Germany, makes 35$ on the inhabitant. Its full domestic trade makes only 50$ on the inhabitant whereas even in Greece domestic trade makes 65$ on the inhabitant while in Germany it is 130$ on the inhabitant, and in 215$ on the inhabitant of the United States. The reason of all of it is shortage of energy and the industry in people. Their income in an average of the inhabitant only 12 cents a day. Other reason - shortage of modern household appliances. Comparing the inhabitant with the inhabitant, at Russia is only the one sixth steam power which Germany has. One half of all the countries is made in the country that is, without the driving power or cars. Any industry in Russia not completely to requirements of people when it is estimated under standards of other countries. For example, despite gravity of the climate, only two pounds of a crude wool in the inhabitant are consumed in woollen Russia, in comparison with seven pounds consumed in Germany, and full annual value of all makes only 20$ on the inhabitant, in comparison with 56$ in Germany, and 88$ in the Great Britain. Despite these adverse comparisons, do successes factory industries of Russia. In seventy years cotton-mills have increased and in thirty double years. In sixty years the cotton manufacturing industry has increased sevenfold, and in fifteen double years. Until recently Russia exported a wool. Now it imports more wool, than it exports. Ninety years ago in Russia iron was more expensive than bread, and peasants used wooden actions of a plough and have left their horses shoeless. Now consumption of hardware though still in the inhabitant the least in Europe, is nevertheless in aggregate the fourth in Europe though even in this case it - only two ninth, that it is in the Great Britain. [126] creation of sugar of the Beet - also the new industry, and 500 000 tons are made annually, number
The sugar works which are 235. The crop of a beet of the country makes almost 6 000 000 tons annually. But sugar consumption in the inhabitant makes only seven pounds annually, in comparison with eighteen pounds on the inhabitant in Germany. The universal industry everywhere across Russia - , and a skin of Russia, with its fragrant oil a birch aroma, is highly expensive goods all over the world. But the made quantity makes only 114 000 tons annually, and the exported quantity is insignificant.
RAILWAYS OF RUSSIA AND THE NAVIGABLE RIVERS

St

St.-Petersburg (with suburb 1 267 000), capital of Russia, as the majority of the European capitals, the important [127] shopping centre just as a place
The government. Its manufacturing the main things - interested in creation of an ammunition of war are the general and numerous, but. To 1885 St.-Petersburg was not seaport, but that year the channel has been constructed, which resolves now to the courts pulling twenty two foots of water to enter into its docks. Its harbour, however, is closed with ice since November till May. About St.-Petersburg Reval, the main cotton port of Russia. Crude cotton import of averages of Russia approximately 60 000 000$ annually which most part arrives a straight line from the United States. Moscow (988 000), ancient capital of Russia, is also the big industrial city, but its basic importance is received from the fact that is the great centre of domestic trade of Russia. Warsaw (615 000), capital of the Polish Russia, is the great railway centre, and the basic warehouse of a railway traffic between Russia and other part of Europe. Lodz (315 000), also in the Polish Russia, is a great industrial clap the empire centre. Odessa (405 000) is the main seaport of Russia. It has a huge export trade in grain, oil, gland, a linen seed, [128] wood, disappears, a rigging, a canvas, pitch, and beef. At Riga (283 000), the main port of Russia to Baltic, is the big export trade
With England in characteristic Russian make. Kieff (249 000) is the centre of the Russian industry clearing sugar. Astrakhan (113 000), on the Volga delta, is noted for its fishery of a sturgeon, and its export of caviar, making as speak, 1 500 000$ annually. Tula (111 000) is Sheffield Russia. Even in 1828 in Tula was 600 establishments of a tableware, but manufacturing was then mainly internal. It - now a city of factories as it costs on the big coal and iron area. Nijni- (99 000) it is noted for its fair, the Asian establishment which will be soon cancelled undoubtedly by a modern civilisation. Once a year dealers to number 200 000 come to Nijni- from on all extent of Russia, and even from India and China, to exchange their equipment. Value of an exchange sometimes makes 100 000 000$. Orenburg (73 000), in Urals Mountains, is a limiting warehouse of trade of a trailer of the Asian Russia. The archangel (25 000), by the White sea, is the main shopping centre of trade in the north, with export of characteristic northern product. Baku, on Caspian sea, is the main place of a petroleum industry of Russia. All cities and cities above named grew extremely within last twenty years.
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VI. TRADING FEATURES OF INDIA
THE PAST AND THE PRESENT OF INDIA WAS COMPARED

But natural advantages of the situation captured by these big cities, have been grandiosely added

But natural advantages of the situation captured by these big cities, have been grandiosely added by the enterprise of their inhabitants. Glasgow - only river port. As on twenty miles below its site Clyde is naturally narrow, small, and burdened with shoal. In places it is natural no more than fifteen inches depth. Expenses the sum is not less than 60 000 000$ this small stream has been transformed to the continuous harbour levelled from both parties for miles with moorings and docks, and easily capable to placing of the greatest and finest trading courts afloat. As consequence of this enterprise of Glasgow became the greatest port of shipbuilding in the world. No less than twenty shipyards any less - in efficiency and size very much the highest exists a class to be found along banks once small, impassable Clyde, between appropriate Glasgow and a river mouth.

Business of transportation of the United States is so distinguished and combined, that appropriate

Business of transportation of the United States is so distinguished and combined, that appropriate research of its freight rates and classifications would demand much more a place, than the subject in these lessons can be given.
XVIII. TRANSPORTATION PAPERS

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly crude silk) completely one half of its full export trade. Other basic export - sugar, a straw lace (one twentieth its full export), disappears, a paper, china, and pottery. Its basic import - and the cotton goods, the opium making one fifth, and the cotton goods much more than half, its full trade in import. Other basic import - the woollen goods, the metal goods and cars, coal, and kerosene oil. Considerable import also is made of a crude clap. But if China only had a blessing of the educated and progressive government this arrangement of export and import long would not proceed. Resources of China of coal among the finest and it is final among the greatest in the whole world. Its coal fields, really as is estimated, are in twenty times bigger than that of all incorporated Europe. The most part of this coal, also, has the purest quality, and its most part very accessible to the miner. And about its coal fields extensive deposits of some of the richest iron ores in the world. Again, the most part of soil of China is extremely fertile. There are really two areas, one of '' and another, very much [143] are more extensive, 'yellow soil,' it among the most fertile in the world. It - because of degree and abundance of yellow soil of China it
'Yellow' imperial colour, and the emperor named 'the yellow lord.' Climate, also, the Chinese admissions almost whole range of useful vegetative products which will be lifted. Clap growth is already very big because for a clap of seven centuries there was a basic fabric for clothes of people. And already it is made by modern cars. But also growth of a clap and its manufacturing by modern methods would be extremely increased, if only services for internal transportation existed, and freedom from the unfair taxation could be provided. If, to put it briefly, China only had railways both the good and educated system of the government its advancement and prosperity soon would make the Western world envious. But its government is not only silly improgressive, it also is fatally prodigal. Approximately seventy percent. From the whole income of the country it is lost to public use through evil deed of officials. And only approximately 85 miles of the railway were for the present open, though it is necessary to tell, that 200 or 250 miles are in work more.
POSSIBILITIES OF THE INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH PORCELAIN

France as Germany, is well supplied by the navigable rivers, and them, its channels to make a full

France as Germany, is well supplied by the navigable rivers, and them, its channels to make a full network of navigable waterways which cover all country and very much advance nation domestic trade. This navigable set of the rivers of 5500 miles, and ship canals more than 3100 miles. The tonnage of the goods has continued these waterways, is compared rather favorably with which is born by railways. Set of railways of 25 000 miles.
DISTINCTIVE AND IMPORTANT MANUFACTURING OF FRANCE

The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general

The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general statement wider value. The state corporations - what are created only for public interest as cities, cities, districts, colleges, etc. Private corporations are created in full or in part for monetary benefit of participants, as the railway companies, banks, etc. the Corporate bodies, which participants at discretion fill all vacancies occurring in their membership on record, sometimes name the closed joint-stock companies. In this country [52] power to be corporation is the privilege which can exist only
Through a legislature.

Though terms закладов to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented

Though terms to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented by apartment houses, commercial conditions do its inconvenient or impossible to exclude and sell such properties. To stop all business of the railway or to close work of the company of a manufacturing industry not only would lead to a public wound, but will reduce substantially value of acquisition of the property. To overcome this difficulty where the active anxiety is financially confused, the court appoints the receiver who is responsible for appropriate behaviour of business before satisfactory reorganisation, or sale is reached.

'Southern Africa' - actually 'the British Southern Africa

'Southern Africa' - actually 'the British Southern Africa.' The German part or is substantially fruitless or otherwise inaccessible. The Portuguese part - only a narrow strip along east coast which most part is too sick for habitation except natives. Two republics are quickly filled with the British people, develop the British capital, and should become in time with the states which surround them. One of them, also, already is under British suzerainty. The British Southern Africa, however, is for the present only the name. It does not have any real existence except in hope. The aspiration of statesmen in southern Africa consists that all territories of southern Africa at the British control should generate one confederation and that in this confederation Orange Free State and the South African republic should join. The territories entering this confederation, therefore would be the following: Self-coping colonies of the Colony of Cape and , the British colony of Basutoland, protectorates of Bechuanaland and Zululand, territories which the British Southern Africa the [162] Company usually known as '' now operates, and the British Central African protectorate, with besides two republics earlier, are mentioned.
The length of this offered South African dominion would make 1800 miles. Its width would be from 600 to 800 miles. And, as it is told above, its area would make approximately 1 000 000 square miles. Stanley foretells, that in hundred years 'the Dominion of Southern Africa' will have white population 8 000 000, and the colour population 16 000 000.
AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

To the student of a civilisation India - one of the most interesting countries in the world

To the student of a civilisation India - one of the most interesting countries in the world. It always was one of the most fertile and densely populated areas of globe. Within many centuries it as thought, was one of the richest. In a consequence it, again and again, there was a scene of intrusion, a gain, and property capture. But its riches never consisted so in natural treasure as in savings of hardworking and modest people. Since a year 1600 European nations had the direct relation to India, especially England, France, Portugal, and Holland. Within last 140 years, however, England was the dominating power there. Regardless of the fact that can be told concerning an occasion of intervention of England in affairs of India first, it is possible to tell only, that existing influence of England in India is very favourable to the country. Prosperity of India as a whole is comparable now to that from any civilised nation on globe. And people who once, because of a repeated gain and property capture, have lost all sense of honour and self-respect, now, under soft influence of the world, the law, the order, and safety, quickly becoming noble, itself [130] - assured, both initiative, and ambitious to possess all rights and privileges of the modern
Civilisation.
THE SIZE OF INDIA AND THE POPULATION

The condition of Italy is in certain respects better than that from Spain, but in worse others

The condition of Italy is in certain respects better than that from Spain, but in worse others. Its population 30 500 000, being three times is more to square mile than that from Spain, and fifty percent. It is more to square mile than that from France. About 1830 population has increased forty five percent., and it despite the fact, that loss by emigration is equal to one half of natural increase from surplus of births in deadly cases. Two million person of the Italian birth today live in foreign countries. Again, Italians, except those [115] in southern parts (Italians of Naples and affinity, for example),
The majority of hardworking people in Europe, with special ability for gardening and an arable land. In fifty years they have corrected 20 000 000 acres from wood, and have increased earth area at by hundred percent. In fifty years, also, they have trebled quantity of the capital which invest in agriculture. With 1860 they have increased quantity of a material, which they use in their textile (a clap, a wool, silk, and a cloth) almost . With 1850 they have increased the foreign trade two and one half of times. At last, with 1830, they have increased the domestic trade two and quarter times. But all these signs of prosperity in Italy - negatived in constantly increasing size of its public debt. It makes now more than 2,500,000,000$, or it is more than two and one half of times a full pure public debt of the United States, and approximately one quarter is more than the full compatriot, the state, a county, municipal, and debts of school district of the United States. And this extensive debt for people 30 500 000 is exclusive from provincial and municipal debts which make additional 275 000 000$. Italy since its reorganisation as kingdom in 1870 intended to be the first class military both naval power, and cost - more than it can stand. It has a standing army almost 800 000 men, 250 000 of which it constantly holds under the weapon. It has a fleet of seventeen linear ships, two courts of the coastal defence, eighteen cruisers, and 272 crafts of a torpedo, the majority of them having modern type and in the first class an estimation. It spends for its army almost 50 000 000$ annually, and on its fleet almost 20 000 000$ annually. It, with annual payment of interest 115 000 000$, all non-productive expenses, demands on its income which exhausts its people of blood of their life. To each kind of the taxation address k-direct and indirect; the earth, [116] house, and the income; sequence duties, registration charges, and the press for bills;
Customs, the excise and octroi; besides the governmental monopolies; and all this exclusive the municipal taxation. And still with 1891 was annual deficiency of the national income at the national expenses averaging 2 250 000$. As consequence of these taxes, and repressive effect they have on the industrial enterprise, the country net profit in the inhabitant more low in Italy than in any other European state except Turkey, Russia, and is lower Greece, even, than in states Danubian and Portugal and Spain.
TRADE OF ITALY AND SPECIAL SHOPPING CENTERS

To recover from indorser, it is necessary to prove, that the formal and appropriate requirement of

To recover from indorser, it is necessary to prove, that the formal and appropriate requirement of payment has been made on the manufacturer. The formal protest - usually indisputable certificate of it. The manufacturer is responsible in any case.

The future of Japan depends on the изготовлений, but they also not without their

The future of Japan depends on the , but they also not without their difficulties. The mineral riches of the country are very big, mainly in coal and gland. On one only northern island (Yezo) coal deposits - those two thirds from all Great Britain. Unfortunately, however, owing to mountainous character of the country, railways in Japan are difficult to construct, and coal or ore transportation is difficult and expensive. As coal deposits and iron deposits are not a number together dark grey, was used with a view of fusion. Iron, therefore, while, has not been made with advantage, and its manufacture has decreased. But silver is extracted much, and also , or the raw materials used in manufacturing of beautiful porcelain of the country. Copper and antimony - also big articles of export. The cores of manufacturing [152] Japan for the present are textiles, especially silk
And a clap. In these modern methods are used, though while manufacture of native internal weaving looms surpasses that of factory weaving looms. Manufacture of textiles by cars has increased quadruple in ten years, and now makes approximately 40 000 000$ annually. It, however, is not a considerable quantity, being it is less than textile manufacture of any important state in Europe, even than Switzerland, or Sweden and Norway, and is only one twentieth those from the United States. Until recently the factory owner in Japan had advantage of cheap work. But the Japanese handicraftsman also becomes 'modernised', and now demands higher wages, and puts into practice its requirement 'strikes'. And as all their dexterity in internal workers of the Japanese language of manufacturing are not so qualified yet in machine work as the British or American workers. It follows, therefore, that manufacture of a fabric in Japan, especially clap and wool manufacturing, yet out of its preliminary or test stage. But Japan, a manor advantage of the extensive national market to the cotton goods (as Chineses, the Japanese simple people carry cotton subjects of clothes all all year long, in the winter, supplementing them for warmth), and having raw materials in its own door (it already grows up the big proportion of all crude clap which it requires), and presence, also, abundance of coal near at hand, should become big industrial a clap the country. The same conditions keep concerning possibilities silk Japan.
POSSIBILITIES OF THE INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH JAPAN

Each big city has a system of a clearing house

Each big city has a system of a clearing house. To establish a clearing house, many banks connect themselves together, under certain instructions, for the purpose of an exchange daily once and place checks and other bill which they remember each other. Usual officials - the president, the secretary, the treasurer, both the manager, and clearing house committee. Checks, etc., which banks take to a clearing house, name clearing house exchanges, and a total sum papers name clearings of day. Those banks which bring less quantities than, they clean, are obliged to matter, good in cash or its equivalent within motionless time in the same day. Assume, for an illustration, that the clearing house association consists of five Banks-A, B, C, D, and E-and, which Bank A took to checks of a clearing house against B, C, D, and E achievement 20 000$, and that B, C, D, and E took to checks of a clearing house against achievement 21 000$. Then A there is this specific day a bank of the debtor, and owes a clearing house, or other banks through a clearing house, 1000$. Payment of balances by banks of the debtor and the receipt of balances banks of the creditor finishes transactions of each day. As the total sum brought to a clearing house, always is the same as the cleaned quantity, thus balances, should from banks of the debtor, there should be precisely equal to the sums to reception banks of the creditor. Clearings in New York in one day make from 100 000 000$ to 200 000 000$, and the actual processed cash if those in general are available, require [251] only to be for actual debtor balances. Usually once a week (in some cities
To thicket), city banks do to their clearing house the message based on daily balances, their conditions. The Clearing house establishes association among banks which has already proved in days of a panic of money of the biggest service to itself and community.
PAYMENT of BALANCES In CLEARING HOUSES

The dominion of Canada includes all that a part of continent of the north of the North America of

The dominion of Canada includes all that a part of continent of the north of the North America of the Incorporated states - except Alaska and Newfoundland and coast of Labrador. (Newfoundland and Labrador coast - a colony in direct relations to the Great Britain). Canada is completely self-coping both self-maintenance, and its communication with the Great Britain - almost completely a loyalty and attachment question. It consists (1) of seven Areas: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward island, Manitoba, and British Columbia which, in their self-coping powers and their relation to the government, corresponds very close to our states; (2) from four -Assiniboia, Alberts, Saskatchewan, and which correspond a little on our Territories; (3) from four others -Ungava, , Mackenzie, and Yukon which the government operates; And (4) Area Keewatin which is under jurisdiction of the vice-governor of Manitoba. The capital of the whole dominion - Ottawa. Each area has an own capital.
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THE SIZE, SOIL, CLIMATE, AND THE POPULATION OF CANADA

France has one element of the stability, one feature inducive thrift which the majority of other

France has one element of the stability, one feature inducive thrift which the majority of other countries of Europe lacks. In the majority of other European countries the earth is spent by few owners. It is spent to France by many. To the Great Britain and Ireland, for example, the earth which is devoted agriculture, is spent only 19 000 owners. It is spent to France of 3 500 000 owners. There are also 3 500 000 district farms in France, though only sixty percent. From the agricultural ground area of the country it is grown up by owners. It follows from this, that the agriculture has in France a power over attachments and a personal interest of people which it has no in any other country in the world. Approximately forty two percent. From the general number of the population of the country, capable to work, are used in agricultural prosecution. The agriculture, therefore, is one of the most important industries of France. One fifth the full income of its people is made in agriculture. It is impossible to tell, however, that the agriculture in France is pursued so successfully as it is in some other countries - in the Great Britain, for example. France, with sometimes exception of Russia, is the greatest manufacturer of wheat of all nations of Europe, but its manufacture of grain in an acre - is no more than four seventh that from the Great Britain while its manufacture of grain in hand agriculture is only two thirds that from the Great Britain. But the most part of agricultural effort of France is devoted such industries as the poultry can be continued in small farms or potato lifting , for example, and lifting of fruit and ', lifting it' a full product of money in an acre in France [99] are not far except that it is in the Great Britain. That is, while the agriculture more with advantage is continued in Big
The Great Britain than in France, it proportionally supports number of people in France than in the Great Britain.
WATERWAYS OF FRANCE AND RAILWAYS